Fungal decomposition of chicken-feather waste in submerged and solid-state fermentation / Decomposição fúngica de resíduos de pena de frango em fermentação submersa e de estado sólido

Poultry industry is expanding rapidly and producing million tons of feather waste annually. Massive production of keratinaceous byproducts in the form of industrial wastes throughout the world necessitates its justified utilization. Chemical treatment of keratin waste is proclaimed as an eco-destructive approach by various researchers since it generates secondary pollutants. Keratinase released by a variety of microbes (bacteria and fungi) can be used for the effective treatment of keratin waste. Microbial degradation of keratin waste is an emerging and eco-friendly approach and offers dual benefits, i.e., treatment of recalcitrant pollutant (keratin) and procurement of a commercially important enzyme (keratinase). This study involves the isolation, characterization, and potential utility of fungal species for the degradation of chicken-feather waste through submerged and solid-state fermentation. The isolated fungus was identified and characterized as Aspergillus (A.) flavus. In a trial of 30 days, it was appeared that 74 and 8% feather weight was reduced through sub-merged and solid-state fermentation, respectively by A. flavus. The pH of the growth media in submerged fermentation was changed from 4.8 to 8.35. The exploited application of keratinolytic microbes is, therefore, recommended for the treatment of keratinaceous wastes to achieve dual benefits of remediation.

A indústria avícola está se expandindo rapidamente e produzindo milhões de toneladas de resíduos de penas anualmente. A produção massiva de subprodutos queratinosos na forma de resíduos agrícolas e industriais em todo o mundo exige sua utilização justificada. O tratamento químico de resíduos de queratina é proclamado como uma abordagem ecodestrutiva por vários pesquisadores, uma vez que gera poluentes secundários. A queratinase liberada por uma variedade de micróbios (bactérias e fungos) pode ser usada para o tratamento eficaz de resíduos de queratina. A degradação microbiana de resíduos de queratina é uma abordagem emergente e ecológica e oferece benefícios duplos, ou seja, tratamento de poluente recalcitrante (queratina) e obtenção de uma enzima comercialmente importante (queratinase). Este estudo envolve o isolamento, caracterização e utilidade potencial de espécies de fungos para a degradação de resíduos de penas de frango por meio da fermentação submersa e em estado sólido. O fungo isolado foi identificado e caracterizado como Aspergillus (A.) flavus. Em um ensaio de 30 dias, constatou-se que 74% e 8% do peso das penas foram reduzidos por A. flavus, respectivamente, por meio da fermentação submersa e em estado sólido. O pH do meio de crescimento em fermentação submersa foi alterado de 4,8 para 8,35. A aplicação explorada de micróbios queratinolíticos é, portanto, recomendada para o tratamento de resíduos ceratinosos para obter benefícios duplos de remediação.

Fungal decomposition of chicken-feather waste in submerged and solid-state fermentation

Abstract Poultry industry is expanding rapidly and producing million tons of feather waste annually. Massive production of keratinaceous byproducts in the form of industrial wastes throughout the world necessitates its justified utilization. Chemical treatment of keratin waste is proclaimed as an eco-destructive approach by various researchers since it generates secondary pollutants. Keratinase released by a variety of microbes (bacteria and fungi) can be used for the effective treatment of keratin waste. Microbial degradation of keratin waste is an emerging and eco-friendly approach and offers dual benefits, i.e., treatment of recalcitrant pollutant (keratin) and procurement of a commercially important enzyme (keratinase). This study involves the isolation, characterization, and potential utility of fungal species for the degradation of chicken-feather waste through submerged and solid-state fermentation. The isolated fungus was identified and characterized as Aspergillus (A.) flavus. In a trial of 30 days, it was appeared that 74 and 8% feather weight was reduced through sub-merged and solid-state fermentation, respectively by A. flavus. The pH of the growth media in submerged fermentation was changed from 4.8 to 8.35. The exploited application of keratinolytic microbes is, therefore, recommended for the treatment of keratinaceous wastes to achieve dual benefits of remediation.

Resumo A indústria avícola está se expandindo rapidamente e produzindo milhões de toneladas de resíduos de penas anualmente. A produção massiva de subprodutos queratinosos na forma de resíduos agrícolas e industriais em todo o mundo exige sua utilização justificada. O tratamento químico de resíduos de queratina é proclamado como uma abordagem ecodestrutiva por vários pesquisadores, uma vez que gera poluentes secundários. A queratinase liberada por uma variedade de micróbios (bactérias e fungos) pode ser usada para o tratamento eficaz de resíduos de queratina. A degradação microbiana de resíduos de queratina é uma abordagem emergente e ecológica e oferece benefícios duplos, ou seja, tratamento de poluente recalcitrante (queratina) e obtenção de uma enzima comercialmente importante (queratinase). Este estudo envolve o isolamento, caracterização e utilidade potencial de espécies de fungos para a degradação de resíduos de penas de frango por meio da fermentação submersa e em estado sólido. O fungo isolado foi identificado e caracterizado como Aspergillus (A.) flavus. Em um ensaio de 30 dias, constatou-se que 74% e 8% do peso das penas foram reduzidos por A. flavus, respectivamente, por meio da fermentação submersa e em estado sólido. O pH do meio de crescimento em fermentação submersa foi alterado de 4,8 para 8,35. A aplicação explorada de micróbios queratinolíticos é, portanto, recomendada para o tratamento de resíduos ceratinosos para obter benefícios duplos de remediação.

Fungal decomposition of chicken-feather waste in submerged and solid-state fermentation / Decomposição fúngica de resíduos de pena de frango em fermentação submersa e de estado sólido

Abstract Poultry industry is expanding rapidly and producing million tons of feather waste annually. Massive production of keratinaceous byproducts in the form of industrial wastes throughout the world necessitates its justified utilization. Chemical treatment of keratin waste is proclaimed as an eco-destructive approach by various researchers since it generates secondary pollutants. Keratinase released by a variety of microbes (bacteria and fungi) can be used for the effective treatment of keratin waste. Microbial degradation of keratin waste is an emerging and eco-friendly approach and offers dual benefits, i.e., treatment of recalcitrant pollutant (keratin) and procurement of a commercially important enzyme (keratinase). This study involves the isolation, characterization, and potential utility of fungal species for the degradation of chicken-feather waste through submerged and solid-state fermentation. The isolated fungus was identified and characterized as Aspergillus (A.) flavus. In a trial of 30 days, it was appeared that 74 and 8% feather weight was reduced through sub-merged and solid-state fermentation, respectively by A. flavus. The pH of the growth media in submerged fermentation was changed from 4.8 to 8.35. The exploited application of keratinolytic microbes is, therefore, recommended for the treatment of keratinaceous wastes to achieve dual benefits of remediation.

Resumo A indústria avícola está se expandindo rapidamente e produzindo milhões de toneladas de resíduos de penas anualmente. A produção massiva de subprodutos queratinosos na forma de resíduos agrícolas e industriais em todo o mundo exige sua utilização justificada. O tratamento químico de resíduos de queratina é proclamado como uma abordagem ecodestrutiva por vários pesquisadores, uma vez que gera poluentes secundários. A queratinase liberada por uma variedade de micróbios (bactérias e fungos) pode ser usada para o tratamento eficaz de resíduos de queratina. A degradação microbiana de resíduos de queratina é uma abordagem emergente e ecológica e oferece benefícios duplos, ou seja, tratamento de poluente recalcitrante (queratina) e obtenção de uma enzima comercialmente importante (queratinase). Este estudo envolve o isolamento, caracterização e utilidade potencial de espécies de fungos para a degradação de resíduos de penas de frango por meio da fermentação submersa e em estado sólido. O fungo isolado foi identificado e caracterizado como Aspergillus (A.) flavus. Em um ensaio de 30 dias, constatou-se que 74% e 8% do peso das penas foram reduzidos por A. flavus, respectivamente, por meio da fermentação submersa e em estado sólido. O pH do meio de crescimento em fermentação submersa foi alterado de 4,8 para 8,35. A aplicação explorada de micróbios queratinolíticos é, portanto, recomendada para o tratamento de resíduos ceratinosos para obter benefícios duplos de remediação.

Growth and Yield of Tomatillo as Influenced by Planting Time and Macronutrients

With the use of a strategic pairing of planting time and macronutrients, tomatillo growth and yield can be boosted. Due to their complementing effects, the ideal combination of different planting times and macronutrients may significantly boost tomatillo growth and yield. The experiment was set by taking two treatment factors. Our treatment factors were: (1) Planting time (three time’s viz. T1 = 02 November, T2 = 12 November, and T3 = 22 November); and (2) Macro nutrients (four levels viz. F0 = N0P0K0 Kg/ha, F1 = N200P60K100 Kg/ha, F2= N250P90K120Kg/ha, F3 = N300P120K140 Kg/ha). The two factors experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. In case of planting time, the sharp increase of fruits per plant (37.06), fruit weight (42.7 g), yield per plant ( 2.04 kg) and per hectare ( 85.06 t) were obtained from T3 (22 November). In case of macronutrients, the maximum number of fruits per plant (47.26), fruit weight ( 48.47 g), yield per plant ( 2.75 kg) and per hectare ( 114.59 t) were obtained from F1 (N200P60K100 Kg/ha). Combined effect (T3F1) had improved the number of fruits per plant (49.66), fruit weight ( 55.64 g), yield per plant ( 2.94 kg) and per hectare ( 122.84 t), vitamin C content (25.92 mg) and noted from T1F0 (02 November with N0P0K0Kg/ha) treatment combination that minimum number of fruits per plant (14.0), fruit weight ( 24.69 g), yield per plant ( 0.5 kg) and per hectare ( 20.85 t), vitamin C content (16.63 mg). So, the T3F1 treatment combination appeared to be the best for achieving the higher growth and yield of tomatillo.

Effect of Sowing Date and Phosphorus on Growth, Seed Yield and Quality of Fenugreek

The effect of sowing date (three sowing dates viz., S1= 01 November, S2= 15 November and S3= 30 November) and phosphorus levels (four phosphorus fertilizer levels viz., P0= Control, P1= 35 kg P ha-1, P2= 45 kg P ha-1 and P3= 55 kg P ha-1) on growth, seed yield and quality of fenugreek was investigated at Horticulture Farm, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, during 10 October 2020 to April 2021. Growth-related data was maximum on S1 (01 November) treatment but S2 (15 November) treatment showed the best result in case of seed yield. In case of growth characters, P3 (55 kg ha-1) revealed the best result but in case of seed yield, P2 (45 kg ha-1) treatment showed the best effect. Under this investigation, it was revealed that the maximum growth was obtained by S1P3 (01 November with 55 kg P ha-1) and the minimum growth was obtained by S3P0 (30 November with control) treatment combination. The maximum pods per plant (52.61), seeds per pod (12.87), weight of individual pod (147.11 mg), the weight of seeds per plant (7.67 g) and weight of 1000-seed (13.86 g), seed yield per plot (306.72 g), seed yield per hectare (2.13 t) and vigor index (570.27) was observed from the treatment combination S2P2 (15 November with 45 kg P ha-1). It was concluded that the combination of sowing date S2 (15 November) along with phosphorus application P2 (45 kg P ha-1) were given the better performance of all the yield contributing parameters and seed yield of fenugreek. So, S2P2 (15 November with 45 kg P ha-1) treatment combination can be repeated in different agro-ecological zones of Bangladesh.

Ocular malignant tumors. Review of the tumor registry at a tertiary eye hospital in central Saudi Arabia

To present the epidemiologic profile and magnitude of ocular malignant tumors [MT] representative of the Saudi population from the Tumor Registry [TR] at King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital [KKESH]. This study evaluated the demographic information, clinical features including tumor laterality, ocular tissue of origin, and diagnosis of patients from the TR registry between 1983 and 2012 at KKESH, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The incidence of MT among Saudi adults [>/= 15 years old], and children [<15 years old] was estimated. The TR recorded 4,146 neoplasms [2,509 [60.5%] benign tumors, and 1,637 [39.5%] MT]. The incidence of MT in children was 3.6 per million/year [M/Y], and 2.4/M/Y for adults. Retinoblastoma [Rb] [n=763, 91%] was the most common ocular malignancy in children. In adults, the most common MT was squamous cell carcinoma [SCC] [n=363, 45.8%], basal cell carcinoma [BCC] [n=186, 23%], uvealmelanoma [n=94, 11.9%], sebaceous gland carcinoma [n=54, 6.8%], lymphomas [orbital, adnexal] [n=46, 5.8%], and others [n=53, 6.8%]. The Rb [7.7/M/Y in <5 years old Saudi children] was less frequent than that reported in some Gulf countries, but higher than that reported from the West. The SCC was less frequent in countries with comparable sun exposure than in other continents, but the incidence remained unchanged over 3 decades. There was a significant increase in BCC between 1983-1992 and 2003-2012. The rates of all cancers remained stable over 3 decades except BCC, which showed a significant rise

Unilateral optic neuritis, scleritis and exudative retinal detachment due to recurrent orbital pseudotumor

Idiopathic orbital inflammation, also known as orbital pseudotumor, describes a spectrum of idiopathic, non-neoplastic, non-infectious, space-occupying orbital lesions without identifiable local or systemic cause. The condition occurs mainly in young adults who may present with acute pain, proptosis, chemosis and limitations of extraocular movements. Decreased vision due to optic nerve infiltration and macular edema as a result of scleritis is less common sequel of orbital pseudotumor. Herein, we present a case of unilateral orbital pseudotumor in a young male who presented with chief complaints of painful decreased vision which was attributed to optic neuritis and macular edema as a result of scleritis. Imaging studies were helpful in the establishment of the correct diagnosis and patient's complaints improved with administration of systemic corticosteroids

hot orbit: orbital cellulitis

Orbital cellulitis is an uncommon condition previously associated with severe complications. If untreated, orbital cellulitis can be potentially sight and life threatening. It can affect both adults and children but has a greater tendency to occur in the pediatric age group. The infection most commonly originates from sinuses, eyelids or face, retained foreign bodies, or distant soources by hematogenous spread. It is characterized by eyelid edema, erythema, chemosis, proptosis, blurred vision, fever, headache, and double vision. A history of upper respiratory tract infection prior to the onset is very common especially in children. In the era prior to antibiotics, vision loss from orbital cellulitis was a dreaded complication. Currently, imaging studies for detection of orbital abcess, the use of antibiotics and early drainage have mitigated visual morbidity significantly. The purpose of this review is to describe current investigative strategies and management options in the treatment of orbital cellulitis, establish their effectiveness and possible complications due to late intervention

Eradicating blinding trachoma: what is working?

Trachoma remains the leading cause of preventable corneal blindness in developing countries. The disease is contracted in early childhood by repeated infection of the ocular surface by C. traehomatis. Initial clinical manifestation is a follicular conjunctivitis which if not treated on timely basis, may lead to conjunctival and eyelid scarring that may eventually result in corneal scarring and loss of vision. Over the past two decades, a remarkable reduction in the prevalence of active trachoma has occurred due to the World Health Organization's [WHOs] program GET 2020 for the elimination of trachoma with adoption of the SAFE strategy incorporating Surgery, Antibiotic treatment, Facial cleanliness and Environmental hygiene. However, patients who already had infection at young age may present with adnexal-related complications of trachomatous scarring that may cause corneal scarring and visual loss. These patients may present with evidence of trichiasis/entropion as well as eyelid retraction. Lacrimal complications may include nasolacrimal-duct obstruction, dacryocystitis and canaliculitis requiring intervention. In addition to the increased risk for corneal scarring, trichiasis/entropion may further increase the risks for microbial keratitis in patients who may have unrecognized dacryocystitis and canaliculitis. Female patients may have more trachomtous-related complications and may present at an early age. Available evidence indicates that SAFE strategy may be effective and on the right track towards achieving GET 2020 goal for the eradication of trachoma

Orbital alveolar soft part sarcoma: histopathologic report of two cases

Alveolar soft part sarcoma is considered as a distinct histopathological entity with rare cases reported from the orbit area. Two cases of alveolar soft part sarcomas occurring in the orbit of two patients along with their histopathologic findings are reported herewith. In both cases, the patients presented with eyelid swelling and proptosis. The diagnosis was made by incisional biopsies and histopathology. The literature is reviewed regarding occurrence of this tumor, its diagnosis and management

Modified fasanella-servat for acquired ptosis: case report and review of the literature

A 28-year-old man who had acquired ptosis of his left upper eyelid after a traffic accident did not benefit from standard levator advancement surgery. Patient had significant ptosis with moderate levator function. A modified Fasanella-Servat procedure under local anesthesia resulted in the desired correction of his left upper eyelid ptosis. A review of the Fasanella-Servat procedure for ptosis surgery is presented, as well as its modifications, along with its limitations

Foley's catheter in management of subglottic and tracheal injuries

In patients of Sub glottis and tracheal stenosis adequate lumen is achieved by endoscopic diathermization or open surgical techniques. However it is difficult to maintain patency of the created lumen due to formation of granulation and fibrous tissues. Many prosthetic devices like Laryngeal stents, Montgomery T tubes are available which are inserted and fixed after attaining an adequate lumen during a surgical procedure. Purpose of this study was to design a cheap and easily available prosthetic device for such patients. It is a descriptive case series study of ten cases. A specially tailored stent of silicone lined Foley's catheter, which is freely available and economically priced was used for Subglottic and Tracheal stenosis. Good air way was achieved after one year with no decanulation difficulty in 9 cases [90%] with an unsatisfactory result [10%]. After removing the folly's catheter Tracheostomy tube was corked for one month to observe the patency of newly formed airway in the Subglottic and upper tracheal region. When no difficulty in air way was observed it was finally taken out and the Tracheostomy was allowed to close by itself. Silicone lined specially tailored stent of Foley's catheter is a good cheap alternate addition in prosthetic devices for restoration lumen in Subglottic and Tracheal stenosis

Evaluation and management of periocular capillary hemangioma: a Review

To review the salient features of periocular capillary hemangioma, provide the ophthalmologist with clinical, diagnostic and histological features characteristic of the tumor and discuss various methods of management. Literature review of periocular capillary hemangioma, diagnostic evaluation with emphasis on treatment through the presentation of illustrative clinical cases. Capillary hemangioma is the most common benign vascular tumour found on the head and neck area including eyelids and orbit. The lesion typically manifests within the first few weeks of life, grows rapidly in the first year during the proliferative phase, then invariably and slowly regresses over the next 4 to 5 years during the patients, however, the functional defects in the form of amblyopia, squint, facial disfigurement and rarely optic atrophy may persist long after complete resolution of the tumor. the diagnosis of capillary hemangioma requires a combination of clinical and imaging studies such as ultrasonography, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and angiography in selected cases. With the advent of less invasive diagnostic techniques, the need for biopsy in capillary hemangiomas has decreased. Nevertheless, it should be differentiated from other periocular tumour such as rhabdomyosarcoma, lymphangioma, chloroma, neuroblastoma, orbital cyst, and orbital cellulitis. Treatment is indicated to prevent amblyopia or cosmetic disfigurement. If indicated, intra-lesional corticosteroids may be used to enhance resolution of the tumor. Other forms of treatment tried with variable success include systemic and topical corticosteroids, radiation, surgical excision and intravenous embolization of the tumor. In recent years, laser ablation of the tumor has been found to be effective in some cases. Interferon-u' has been utilized effectively in cases of capillary hemangiomas that are refractory to other forms of therapy. Early treatment of amblyopia is essential to restore good vision in the affected eye. Eyelid and orbital capillary hemangiomas are treatable vascular lesions. Ophthalmologists should be aware of the ocular complicationns of this tumor. Early recognition and timely diagnosis and treatment may prevent amblyopia and cosmetic disfigurement

Presentation of primary open angle glaucoma at Liaquat medical college eye hospital, Hyderabad

To evaluate the presentation of primary open angle glaucoma in hospital admission. Design: Two hundred thirty three glaucoma patients were admitted from January 1995 to April 1996, where 74 patients were primary open angle glaucoma type. Setting: Department of Ophthalmology Unit 1, Eye Hospital, Liaquat Medical College Jamshoro, Hyderabad. Seventy four patients of primary open angle glaucoma. Main outcome measures: Primary open angle glaucoma [POAG] patients presented for treatment in advanced stage of optic nerve head damage. Of the 223 glaucomas, 74 patients had POAG. Of the 74 patients, 31 [41.89%] were male and 43 [58.10%] female. Eight [10.8 1%] of the 74 patients were below 40 years age while all others were above 40 years age. Seven [5.40%] of the 148 eyes had intraocular pressure [I.O.P.] near 20 mmHg, while rest of eyes had I.O.P. above 21 mmHg. Thirty [20.27%] eyes of the 148 eyes had glaucomatous optic atrophy. Majority of primary open angle glaucoma patients presented for their treatment at very late stage. Out of the 148 eyes, 54 eyes were in advanced [.8 and.9 cup disc ratio] stage of optic disc cupping and 30 eyes had complete glaucomatous optic atrophy